Shanghai has made remarkable progress in the large-scale utilization of ocean resources, but still has long way to go in terms of the management and environment protection of ocean resources. Afterwards, the ocean environment protection and the ocean administration shall be strengthened along with the active utilization of ocean resources.
(I) Utilization of Resources
The dominant ocean industries in Shanghai cover the ocean transportation, the ocean fishery, the inshore petroleum and gas, the alongshore tourism, the ocean pharmacy, and the ocean chemical industry.
1. Utilization Layout of Space Resources
The utilization of ocean space resources (mainly refer to the inshore areas) include: 1) Fill up silt to beach, and generate land via inning, in order to provide space for the development of all kinds of industries; 2) Develop the harbors and the sea-routes to serve the ocean transportation industry; 3) Build the artificial architectures including the ocean entertainment, the sea breed aquatics, the submarine cable pipelines and the tunnels; 4) Serve as the dumping farm for urban sewage and garbage.
As to the inshore area of Yangtze River estuary and Hangzhou Gulf, the ocean space shall be focused on the construction of Shanghai International Shipping Center. All the bank sections (including the island bank sections) with proper conditions to build harbor shall be reserved to the construction of harbors expect for special cases. The lands generated by silt filling-up or inning shall be included in the harbor construction land. And the water areas required by the sea-routes of different sizes and the anchorage ground shall be guaranteed.
As to the wide offshore areas at the Yangtze River estuary, it's proper to develop the offshore tourism that combines the environment construction, the construction of natural protection area, the protection of drinking water source and the construction of tourism area in the compromising and unifying way. Accomplish the tourism area for people to enjoy their leisure time, entertainment and vacation that is featured with good environment, beautiful environment and fresh air. Improve both the living quality of Shanghai people and the living environment.
The silt filling-up and inning of the north bank of Hangzhou Gulf shall comply with the construction of the Chemical Industry Park and the related supporting harbors; the inning of Nanhui east beach shall aim at the service to the Yangshan Deep Water Harbor and the development of eco-agriculture; the inning of Chongming north beach shall be used for agriculture, forestry or aquaculture; together with the renovation of deep sea-route of "south harbor and north trough", accelerate the land filling up of copper sand by artificial means for the future comprehensive utilization. The volume of silt filling-up and inning shall be around 30,000 mu per year, and the filling-up reasoning and approval procedures shall be improved to prevent the unplanned innings from damaging the environment and the eco-system.
The south bank of Yangtze River estuary and the north offshore part of Huangzhou Gulf are the main sewage emission areas in Shanghai. Based on the research of ocean self-purification capability, make full use of the ocean self-purification capability, set strict standard of sewage processing and emission, and control the overall sewage volume strictly. Segment the ocean areas by the functions, in order to both protect the ocean eco-system and settle the sewage emission in Shanghai.
2. Utilization of Freshwater
The water quality of the south branch of Yangtze River estuary complies basically with the Class-2 standard of ground water. The south branch water area has become the drinking water source of Banshan District and Chongming County of Shanghai, and the freshwater consumption will increase gradually along with the social and economic development in Shanghai. It's forecast that the urban water consumption of Shanghai will be 8.1 million to 8.4 million cubic meters per day in 2000, and possibly 10 million to 15 million cubic meters per day in 2010. At that time, the current water source will be unable to meet the needs. The south branch of Yangtze River estuary will be the main backup source of freshwater in Shanghai. From now on, the water area of south branch shall be carefully protected to prevent any project that will damage the water quality from constructing.
3. Utilization of Inshore Petroleum and Gas Resources
Natural gas from the East Sea has been introduced to Shanghai families, which will facilitate much the air environment improvement in Shanghai and the better living quality of Shanghai people. Along with the more and more gas application, it will benefit more to the society and the economy. In order to guarantee the long-term supply of natural gas in Shanghai and the development of petrochemical industry, the petroleum and gas exploration and development in the basin of East Sea continental shelf shall be intensified under the national strategic deployment of "Diverse natural gas from the western to the eastern regions". The technology research of developing ocean petroleum and gas, the introduction of foreign investment and high technology, and the international cooperation shall be intensified together with the reform and innovation, in order to facilitate the further development of ocean petroleum and gas industry.
4. Utilization of Biologic Resources
It's the most important utilization of biologic resources that developing the ocean fishery stably to serve the people in Shanghai and even the whole country with the protein. The offshore fishery is mainly the protection and recovery of fishery resources. As one of the famous fish farms in Shanghai, the biologic resources have become less and less in Yangtze River Estuary Fish Farm because of the over-fishing and water contamination. The ocean environment protection shall be intensified afterwards via firm execution of a series of fishery resources protection laws, and the offshore fishery resources shall be reasonably exploited in order to recover the offshore biologic resources.
Together with keeping the offshore fishing volume stable, the ocean fishery shall be further developed. According to the research and investigation, develop the new ocean fish farms and fish varieties, apply the latest fishing technologies and equipment, and establish the industry trade architecture integrated with rational fishing, processing and selling, in order to facilitate the development of ocean fishery.
As to the aquiculture, the road beaches and water resources along the shore shall be applied to develop the aquiculture in salt water or in fresh water, particularly the breeding of precious fishes or fries. On the current basis, organize the force and pour more investment on the utilization of new technologies such as the bio-gene engineering in order to promote the breeding study and the anti-disease study of precious fishes or fries, and develop the market-based aquatic products that are featured with good quality, high production and strong anti-disease capability.
On the other hand, develop the depth processing of aquatic products, and produce the ocean biologic medicines and health-care products. Pour more investment and strengthen the cooperation, as well as concentrate the research force to break through the key sectors and establish the scaled production.
5. Develop the Offshore Tourism
The offshore tourism in Shanghai is featured with small scale, distributed scenes, low value sightseeing and week scale benefit, and Shanghai is also lack of the interesting places such as "gold sand and green water". In order to tap the potential of offshore tourism, launch the study and evaluation of building large-scale offshore sightseeing tourism zone on the beaches and sands, and make technical preparations for the large-scale offshore tourism zone that is featured with the estuary marsh eco-system, the offshore scene and the South China gardening, mainly based on the sand swimming pool nd the water sports, and integrated with leisure, vacation, entertainment and health building.
6. Comprehensive Renovation and Development of Yangtze River Estuary
Shanghai will relocate its construction focuses to the riverside or seaside areas in the 21st Century, so the comprehensive renovation of Yangtze River Estuary shall be brought to agenda. The renovation covers the south branch, the south and north harbors, Lan Mensha and the north branch. The renovation includes the sea-route, the bank, the silt filling-p and inning, the eco-construction, the protection of water resources, and the prevention of flood and tide. Under the precondition of guaranteeing the renovation of sea-route of "south harbor and north trough", the renovation can be implemented to the diffluent part of south and north harbors in proper case.
7. Construction of the Deep Water Harbor
Develop the construction of harbor transportation. Along with the deeper reform and opening up as well as China's entry to WTO, the trade volume between Shanghai and the world will be greatly increased. Based on the construction of the deep water harbors located at Da Yangshan and Xiao Yangshan, keep the Chengsi Archipelago as the front-end of shipping and trade to increase the trade volume between Shanghai and the world, and act as the window of West China development, and build the base for Shanghai to become one of the international shipping centers.
8. Construction of the Cross-river Channel
In proper case, the cross-river channel from Shanghai to Chongming to north Jiangsu shall be established to facilitate the transportation and the relationship with the neighboring provinces.
(II) Ocean Management and Environment Protection
1. Construction of the Management Authority
In order to coordinate the ocean environment and the ocean resources exploitation, and realize the strategy of sustainable development, a series of problems and puzzles shall be settled to strengthen the ocean administration. First of all, the ocean management system and operation system shall be built and improved. Currently, most of the works of Shanghai Ocean Bureau are supported by the municipal government and related departments, and are carried out by the force of East Sea Sub-bureau. As the ocean administration authority in Shanghai, Shanghai Ocean Bureau shall act as the auxiliary authority of Shanghai Municipal Government, and the ocean administration shall be included into the general plan of Shanghai. As there're so many "ocean-related" departments, the ocean management coordination system shall be built in Shanghai.
Reinforce and regulate the East Sea Monitoring and Execution Team to one of the ocean law execution forces of Shanghai. Build the full-dimensional execution and monitoring system integrated with ship, airplane and shore station.
2. Ocean Utilization Management
According to "National Regulations of Ocean Utilization Management (Temporary)" and the related regulations promulgated in Shanghai, Shanghai Ocean Administration Authority holds the right to manage the ocean areas under the charge of Shanghai. Promote the system of ocean utilization certificate and the system of pay-and-use, and build the orderly, proper, and paid system of ocean utilization management.
Based on the laws and related plans of the ocean function division and the protection of ocean resources and environment, coordinate and arrange the ocean utilization plan and settle the ocean utilization puzzle in the principle of "Function first". The constructions that don't match the requirement of ocean function division or that bring serious pollution to the ocean environment shall be regulated and relocated step by step.
Carry out the approval system to the artificial facilities above or under the water (including the marine cables, the pipelines, the tunnels, and the man-made islands). Implement the environment evaluation and approval system to the ocean projects and the shore projects. Punish the illegal dumping according to "Management Provisions of Ocean Dumping", and carry out the dumping certificate system strictly.
3. Environment Monitoring and Cruising Execution
Shanghai Ocean Administration Authority shall implement the unified supervision and management to the ocean environment monitoring within its charged area legally. Carry out the monitoring of ocean environment, know about the emission volume of all kinds of pollutants to the ocean, and understand the quality status and change trend of ocean environment.
Secondly, build the ocean environment monitoring service network system, and improve its operation system. Make use of the East Sea Monitoring Center and the existing monitoring service entities, and add the environment monitoring function to part of the ocean into the architecture of "863-818". Further intensify the construction of the monitoring networks in East Sea area, and build the dedicated ocean environment monitoring networks including that of the pollution source, the eco-system, the radiation, the transportation, the petroleum and the fishery.
Thirdly, strengthen the environment monitoring to the pollution emission outlet area and the main ocean area, promulgate the environment quality report from time to time, and realize the control of overall pollution emission gradually.
Fourthly, build the Shanghai Model Area of Ocean Pollution Measuring and Monitoring, in older to improve the measuring and monitoring capabilities to the ocean pollution sources. Build and perfect the ocean environment measuring and monitoring database as well as the information transmission networks, in order to provide fast service to the environment protection.
Cruising execution: according to "Ocean Environment Protection Law of P.R.C.", carry out the ocean execution and monitoring by the ocean monitoring vessels and airplanes of China. With the cruising monitoring, control the illegal ocean pollution emission, and maintain the ocean environment. Prevent all kinds of illegal pollution emission and dumping from happening. Based on "Management Provisions of Environment Protection to Ocean Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation", go on with the intensification of the monitoring and management to the pollution emission during the course of petroleum exploration and exploitation.
4. Legal System Construction
Work out and issue "Shanghai Municipal Management Procedures of Ocean Utilization" and a series of supporting systems including the ocean utilization approval and the ocean utilization feasible evaluation; work out the corresponding local laws to protect the ocean environment in Shanghai according to "Ocean Environment Protection Law of P.R.C."; accomplish the large-scaled ocean function division and issue "Shanghai Municipal Management Procedures of the Large-scaled Ocean Function Division" according to the unified deployment of National Ocean Administrative Authority; work out "Shanghai Municipal Management Procedures of Ocean Observation and Forecast". Provide the related laws and regulations to the ocean management, the resource utilization, and the environment protection gradually.
5. Eco-system Construction
As to the construction of ocean natural protection zone, the management and operation system of the Jinshan Three Islands Ocean Eco-system Protection Zone and the Chongming East Beach Bird Protection Zone shall be improved at first; construct the Chinese Sturgeon Fry Protection Zone and the Jiu Duansha Marsh Protection Zone with evaluation and schedule.
Within the gate of the Yangtze River estuary, it's the propagation and inhabitation site and the sailing channel for multiple kinds of economic fishes, shrimps and crabs. It's commonly called as the fishing farm "at the door", and it's divided as the fishing protection area that focus more on protection than fishing, in order to protect the fishery resources.
Within the natural protection zone or the typical eco-system area, plan and construct the eco-system monitoring station in proper case, and gradually carry out the environment investigation and monitoring.
6. Disaster Relieving and Prevention
Based on the construction of "Shanghai Model Area of Ocean Environment Full-dimensional Monitoring and Information Service System", track the high-tech applications of the national 863 project, further improve and perfect the ocean disaster monitoring and alarm service networks, and build the full-dimensional ocean disaster monitoring and alarm service system featured with rational layout, advanced equipment, complete functions.
Reinforce and improve the ocean forecast of Shanghai. On the existing basis, improve the time effect and quality of ocean disaster forecast by technical reconstruction, and focus on the capability improvement of forecasting the disastrous wave and storming tide. The long-term forecast accuracy of ocean disaster shall be 80% or above, the alarm forecast accuracy shall be 90% or above, and the average error of the 24-hour tide forecast and alarm shall be less than 10cm during the course of storming tide. Provide routinely the daily forecasts of wave, tide height, ocean surface and the quarterly forecast of ocean water surface temperature to the departments of the ocean transportation, the fishery, the engineering, the rescue, the petroleum exploitation and the harbor.
7. Develop the Ocean Technologies
Only with the understanding of the change rules of ocean resources and environment, can we arrange all kinds of ocean exploitations properly; only with the application of latest technologies, can we exploit and utilize the ocean effectively; only with the scientific management of ocean exploitation, can we realize the sustainable utilization of ocean. According to the requirements of ocean resource exploitation and environment protection in Shanghai, the researches shall be carried out in the following key sectors.
1) Study on the overall pollution volume in ocean environment of Shanghai. Know about the contributions of the contaminants above Xu Liujing of Yangtze River to the downstream, understand the self-purification capability of the pollution emission outlet area, measure the pollution-containing volume of the pollution emission outlet, and control the overall emission volume of pollutions. As to the ocean eco-system, the main study shall be done on the evolution rules of beach and marsh system, and the generation principle of red tide.
2) Study on the comprehensive utilization and renovation of the deep-water harbor and the Yangtze River estuary. Based on the past workouts, go on with the study on the projects such as the sea-route hydrologic characteristics of the Yangtze River estuary.
3) Study on the feasibility of building large-scaled offshore tourism zone at the Yangtze River estuary. It's a research project that seeks for the new offshore tourism resources and develops the new economic growth engine. This research is important for exploiting the space resources of the Yangtze River estuary and promoting the development of offshore tourism in Shanghai.
4) Develop the ocean-related high technologies. Shanghai has certain basis on the ocean biologic technology and the ocean engineering technology, and shall intensify the investment and the policy support.
5) Study on the exploration of petroleum and gas resources of East Sea continental shelf as well as the related technologies and equipment.